nūhou

ʻO ka papa o loko o kahi ipu kaomi i wili ʻia me ka fiber he ʻano uhi ia, nona ka hana nui e hana ma ke ʻano he pale sila e pale ai i ka liki ʻana o ke kinoea a i ʻole ka wai i mālama ʻia i loko, me ka pale ʻana i ka papa wili fiber o waho. ʻAʻole i popopo kēia papa e ka mea i mālama ʻia i loko, a ʻo ka papa o waho he papa wili fiber i hoʻoikaika ʻia me ka resin, i hoʻohana nui ʻia e halihali i ka hapa nui o ke kaumaha kaomi i loko o ka ipu kaomi.

ʻO ke ʻano o kahi ipu kaomi i wili ʻia e ka fiber: ʻO nā ipu kaomi mea hui pū ʻia he ʻehā mau ʻano hoʻonohonoho: cylindrical, spherical, annular, a me rectangular. ʻO kahi ipu poepoe he ʻāpana cylindrical a me ʻelua mau poʻo. Hana ʻia nā ipu kaomi metala i nā ʻano maʻalahi, me nā mālama ikaika keu ma ke kuhikuhi axial. Ma lalo o ke kaomi kūloko, ua like nā kaumaha longitudinal a me latitudinal o kahi ipu poepoe, a ʻo ia ka hapalua o ke kaumaha circumferential o kahi ipu cylindrical. Loaʻa i nā mea metala ka ikaika like ma nā ʻaoʻao āpau; no laila, ua hoʻolālā ʻia nā ipu metala poepoe no ka ikaika like a loaʻa iā lākou ka nui liʻiliʻi no kahi nui a me ke kaomi i hāʻawi ʻia. He kūpono ke kūlana kaumaha o kahi ipu poepoe, a hiki ke hana ʻia ka paia o ka ipu i ka lahilahi loa. Eia naʻe, ma muli o ka paʻakikī nui i ka hana ʻana i nā ipu poepoe, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia lākou i nā noi kūikawā e like me nā mokulele. He mea kākaʻikahi nā ipu apo i ka hana ʻoihana, akā pono mau ko lākou ʻano i kekahi mau kūlana kikoʻī. No ka laʻana, hoʻohana nā mokulele i kēia ʻano kūikawā e hoʻohana piha i kahi palena. Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā ipu rectangular e hoʻonui i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wahi i ka wā e kaupalena ʻia ai ka wahi, e like me nā kaʻa pahu rectangular no nā kaʻa a me nā kaʻa pahu kaʻaahi. ʻO ka maʻamau, he mau ipu kaomi haʻahaʻa a i ʻole nā ​​​​ipu i ke kaomi lewa, a makemake ʻia ke kaumaha māmā.

ʻO ka paʻakikī o ke ʻano o nā ipu kaomi mea hui pū ʻia, nā loli koke i nā poʻi hope a me ko lākou mānoanoa, a me ka mānoanoa a me ke kihi o nā poʻi hope e lawe mai i nā pilikia he nui i ka hoʻolālā, ka nānā ʻana, ka helu ʻana, a me ke kālailai ʻana. I kekahi manawa, ʻaʻole pono wale nā ​​ipu kaomi mea hui pū ʻia i ka wili ʻana ma nā kihi like ʻole a me nā lakio wikiwiki i nā poʻi hope, akā koi pū kekahi i nā ʻano wili like ʻole ma muli o ke ʻano. I ka manawa like, pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia ka mana o nā mea hana e like me ke koina o ka friction. No laila, ʻo kahi hoʻolālā kūkulu pololei a kūpono wale nō ke alakaʻi pono i ke kaʻina hana wili omea i hui pū ʻianā kīʻaha kaomi, no laila e hana ana i nā huahana kīʻaha kaomi mea hui māmā e hoʻokō ana i nā koi hoʻolālā.

Nā Mea Hana no nā Ipu Paʻi ʻEha-Fiber

ʻO ka papa ʻōwili fiber, ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana halihali nui, pono e loaʻa i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, modulus kiʻekiʻe, density haʻahaʻa, kūpaʻa wela, ka maʻalahi o ka resin, ka hiki ke hana wili maikaʻi, a me ka paʻa like o ka pūʻolo fiber. ʻO nā mea fiber hoʻoikaika i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia no nā ipu kaomi composite māmā e komo pū me ke fiber carbon, ka fiber PBO, ka fiber aramid, a me ka fiber polyethylene kaumaha molekala kiʻekiʻe loa.

ʻO ke kaula kalaponaHe mea kalapona fibrous nona ka ʻāpana nui he kalapona. Hoʻokumu ʻia ia ma o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i nā precursors fiber organik i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe a he mea fiber hana kiʻekiʻe me ka nui o ke kalapona ma mua o 95%. He mau waiwai maikaʻi loa ka fiber kalapona, a ua hoʻomaka ka noiʻi ʻana ma luna o 100 mau makahiki i hala. He mea fiber ʻeha hana kiʻekiʻe, modulus kiʻekiʻe, a haʻahaʻa ka density, i hōʻike nui ʻia e kēia mau mea:

1. Haʻahaʻa ka nui a māmā ke kaumaha. ʻO ka nui o ke olonā kalapona he 1.7 ~ 2 g/cm³, like me 1/4 ka nui o ke kila a me 1/2 ka nui o ka alumini metala.

2. Ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ka modulus kiʻekiʻe: ʻO kona ikaika he 4-5 mau manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ke kila, a ʻo kona modulus elastic he 5-6 mau manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā mea hoʻohuihui alumini, e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻōla elastic piha (Zhang Eryong lāua ʻo Sun Yan, 2020). Hiki i ka ikaika tensile a me ka modulus elastic o ke kalapona ke hiki i 3500-6300 MPa a me 230-700 GPa, kēlā me kēia.

3. Haʻahaʻa ke koina o ka hoʻonui wela: Ke emi nei ka conductivity wela o ke kalapona me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana, e kūpaʻa ana i ka hoʻoluʻu wikiwiki a me ka hoʻomehana ʻana. ʻAʻole ia e haki ma hope o ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana mai kekahi mau tausani degere Celsius a i ka mahana o ka lumi, a ʻaʻole ia e heheʻe a palupalu paha i ka lewa non-oxidizing ma 3000℃; ʻaʻole ia e lilo i mea palupalu i nā mahana wai.

4. Kū'ē maika'i i ka pala: He inert ka fiber kalapona i nā waikawa a hiki ke kū i nā waikawa ikaika e like me ka hydrochloric acid i ho'ohuihui 'ia a me ka sulfuric acid. Eia kekahi, loa'a i nā composites fiber kalapona nā 'ano e like me ke kū'ē'ē 'ana i ka radiation, ke kūpa'a kemika maika'i, ka hiki ke omo i nā kinoea 'awahia, a me ka neutron moderation, e ho'ohana nui 'ia ai i ka aerospace, ka pū'ali koa, a me nā 'oihana 'ē a'e he nui.

ʻO Aramid, kahi olonā organik i hana ʻia mai nā polyphthalamides ʻala, i puka mai i ka hopena o nā makahiki 1960. ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o kona nui ma mua o ke olonā kalapona. Loaʻa iā ia ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, ka hua kiʻekiʻe, ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi i ka hopena, ke kūpaʻa kemika maikaʻi, a me ke kūpaʻa wela, a ʻo kona kumukūʻai he hapalua wale nō ia o ke olonā kalapona.Nā olonā aramidʻo ka hapa nui he mau ʻano penei:

1. Nā waiwai mechanical maikaʻi. He polymer palupalu ka fiber Aramid me ka ikaika tensile kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā polyesters maʻamau, ka pulupulu, a me ka nylon. Loaʻa iā ia ka elongation nui aʻe, kahi manaʻo lima palupalu, a me ka spinnability maikaʻi, e ʻae ana iā ia e hana ʻia i mau olonā o nā ʻano maikaʻi a me ka lōʻihi like ʻole.

2. Maikaʻi loa i ka pale ʻana i ke ahi a me ke kūʻē ʻana i ka wela. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka ʻōkuhi oxygen palena o Aramid ma mua o 28, no laila ʻaʻole ia e hoʻomau i ke kuni ʻana ma hope o ka wehe ʻia ʻana mai ka lapalapa. Loaʻa iā ia ke kūpaʻa wela maikaʻi, hiki ke hoʻohana mau ʻia ma 205℃, a mālama i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe ʻoiai ma nā mahana ma luna o 205℃. I ka manawa like, loaʻa i nā olonā aramid kahi mahana decomposition kiʻekiʻe, e mālama ana i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe ʻoiai ma nā mahana kiʻekiʻe, a hoʻomaka wale e carbonize i nā mahana ma luna o 370℃.

3. Nā waiwai kemika paʻa. Hōʻike nā olonā aramid i ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa i ka hapa nui o nā kemika, hiki ke kū i ka hapa nui o nā waikawa inorganic kiʻekiʻe, a loaʻa iā ia ke kūpaʻa alkali maikaʻi i ka mahana o ka lumi.

4. Nā waiwai mīkini maikaʻi loa. Loaʻa iā ia nā waiwai mīkini koʻikoʻi e like me ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe loa, ka modulus kiʻekiʻe, a me ke kaumaha māmā. ʻO kona ikaika he 5-6 mau manawa o ka uea kila, ʻo kona modulus elastic he 2-3 mau manawa o ka uea kila a i ʻole ke olonā aniani, ʻelua ka paʻakikī o ka uea kila, a ʻo kona kaumaha he 1/5 wale nō o ka uea kila. Ua hoʻohana nui ʻia nā olonā polyamide ʻala i nā mea fiber hana kiʻekiʻe, kūpono nui no nā moku kaomi aerospace a me nā moku mokulele me nā koi koʻikoʻi no ka maikaʻi a me ke ʻano.

Ua hoʻomohala ʻia ke olonā PBO ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i nā makahiki 1980 ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoikaika no nā mea i hoʻohui ʻia i hoʻomohala ʻia no ka ʻoihana aerospace. ʻO ia kekahi o nā lālā hoʻohiki nui loa o ka ʻohana polyamide e loaʻa ana nā hui aromatic heterocyclic a ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ka fiber super o ke kenekulia 21. Loaʻa i ka fiber PBO nā waiwai kino a me nā kemika maikaʻi loa; ʻo kona ikaika, modulus elastic, a me ke kūpaʻa wela kekahi o nā olonā maikaʻi loa. Eia kekahi, loaʻa i ka fiber PBO ke kūpaʻa hopena maikaʻi loa, ke kūpaʻa abrasion, a me ke kūpaʻa dimensional, a he māmā a maʻalahi hoʻi, e lilo ia i mea lole kūpono. Loaʻa i ka fiber PBO nā ʻano nui penei:

1. Nā waiwai mechanical maikaʻi loa. ʻO ka ikaika o nā huahana fiber PBO kiʻekiʻe he 5.8 GPa a me ka modulus elastic o 180 GPa, ʻo ia ke kiʻekiʻe loa ma waena o nā fiber kemika e kū nei.

2. Kūlana paʻa wela maikaʻi loa. Hiki iā ia ke kū i nā mahana a hiki i ka 600 ℃, me kahi helu palena o 68. ʻAʻole ia e ʻā a emi paha i ka lapalapa ahi, a ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o kona kūpaʻa wela a me ka pale ʻana i ka lapalapa ma mua o nā olonā organik ʻē aʻe.

Ma ke ʻano he olonā hana kiʻekiʻe loa o ke kenekulia 21, loaʻa i ka olonā PBO nā waiwai kino, mīkini, a me ke kemika kupaianaha. ʻO kona ikaika a me ka modulus elastic he pālua ia o ka olonā aramid, a loaʻa iā ia ke kūpaʻa wela a me ka pale ʻana i ka lapalapa o ka meta-aramid polyamide. ʻOi aku kona mau waiwai kino a me ke kemika ma mua o ka olonā aramid. Hiki i ka olonā PBO 1mm ke hāpai i kahi mea e kaupaona ana a hiki i 450kg, a ʻoi aku kona ikaika ma mua o 10 mau manawa o ka olonā kila.

ʻO ke kaula polyethylene kaumaha molekala kiʻekiʻe loa, i ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ke kaula polyethylene modulus kiʻekiʻe-ikaika, ʻo ia ka kaula me ka ikaika kikoʻī kiʻekiʻe loa a me ka modulus kikoʻī ma ka honua. He kaula ia i milo ʻia mai ka polyethylene me ke kaumaha molekala o 1 miliona a 5 miliona. ʻO ka kaula polyethylene kaumaha molekala kiʻekiʻe loa nā ʻano penei:

1. Ikaika kikoʻī kiʻekiʻe a me ka modulus kikoʻī kiʻekiʻe. ʻOi aku kona ikaika kikoʻī ma mua o ka ʻumi manawa o ke uea kila o ka ʻāpana like, a ʻo kona modulus kikoʻī ka lua wale nō i ke olonā kalapona kūikawā. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻoi aku kona kaumaha molekala ma mua o 10, me ka ikaika tensile o 3.5 GPa, kahi modulus elastic o 116 GPa, a me ka elongation o 3.4%.

2. Haʻahaʻa ka nui. ʻO kona nui maʻamau he 0.97 ~ 0.98 g/cm³, e ʻae ana iā ia e lana ma luna o ka wai.

3. Elongation haʻahaʻa i ka haki. Loaʻa iā ia ka mana omo ikehu ikaika, ka hopena maikaʻi loa a me ke kūpaʻa ʻoki, ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa i ka wā, a kūpaʻa i nā kukuna ultraviolet, neutrons, a me nā kukuna gamma. Loaʻa iā ia ka omo ikehu kikoʻī kiʻekiʻe, ka dielectric constant haʻahaʻa, ka hoʻoili nalu electromagnetic kiʻekiʻe, a me ke kūpaʻa i ka corrosion kemika, a me ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi o ka ʻaʻahu a me ke ola flexural lōʻihi.

He nui nā waiwai maikaʻi o ka polyethylene fiber, e hōʻike ana i kahi pōmaikaʻi nui i kaolonā hana kiʻekiʻemākeke. Mai nā laina hoʻopaʻa ma nā kahua aila ma waho a hiki i nā mea hui māmā hana kiʻekiʻe, hōʻike ia i nā pono nui i ke kaua hou, a me nā ʻāpana mokulele, aerospace, a me ke kai, e pāʻani ana i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi i nā lako pale a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe.